Electromagnetic Fields And Its Effects On Human Society Essay

Electromagnetic Fields (EMFs) Its Effects on Human Society: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) EENG 3303 College of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering University of Texas at Tyler Houston, TX 29/11/2016 Adrian Acuna Abstract Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical test that physicians use to diagnose and treat medical conditions. MRI uses a powerful magnetic field, radio frequency pulses and a computer to produce detailed pictures of organs, soft tissues, bone and virtually all other internal body structures. I. Introduction The MRI technique stems from Nikola Tesla’s discovery of rotating magnetic fields, in 1882. However, Tesla’s discovery isn’t the sole building block of MRI technology, in 1937 Isidor Rabi, of Columbia University, discovered nuclear magnetic resonance. This discover showed that an atom’s nucleus will absorb and emit radio waves if they are exposed to strong enough magnetic fields. The first MRI image was developed on July 3rd, 1977 by Dr. Raymond Damadian in New York. Nowadays the world’s most powerful MRI scanner is located at the Magnet Academy and produces a magnetic field of 21.1 Tesla, at a frequency of 900 megahertz. At the present time, the human population is chronically exposed to natural and man-made sources of ionizing and non ionizing radiations, the latter being, for instance, electric and magnetic fields (EMF). Important sources of man-madeShow MoreRelatedCan Cell Phones Harm our Health? Essay962 Words   |  4 Pagescell phones emit 900-1800 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields during calls which effects the protein structures in mice and humans (Eid 573). Therefore, cell phones can be dangerous to humans. Most studies that show that there is no harmful effects from cell phone use are often industry funded (Gandhi 38). On the other hand, there are many studies that have been conducted that show that cell phones do correlate with harmful effects on the human body and other test subjects like mice. SpecificallyRead MoreThe Effect Of Wireless Phone Radiation Risks On Human Health753 Words   |  4 Pageshis lecture on April 20th, Dr. Joel M. Moskowitz presented his perspective on the effects of wireless phone radiation risks on human health. Moskowitz explained the challenges within the scientific communities in viewing wireless phone health risks. According to Moskowitz, through International EMF Scientist, 220 scientists petitioned for precautionary health warnings and stronger regulation of electromagnetic fields to the WHO and UN. These scientists provided evidence suggesting cell phone healthRead MoreEssay about Cell Phone Radiation1306 Words   |  6 PagesIn todays society there have been numerous advancements to help us in our everyday lives. One of this advancement is cell-phones, which is one of the greatest development in technology. We have become dependent on mobiles phones and it seem like a high percentage of the population including elderly people, young adul t and even kids under 18 have one of this devices. There are numerous advantages and disadvantages related to cell phones. In one hand there is the importance of being communicatedRead MoreComputers and Society925 Words   |  4 PagesGUI interface which was introduced in 1983. Nowadays computers have become extremely popular, and they are being used almost everywhere. We are becoming overwhelmingly dependent on computer technology which is causing a negative impact on the human society because of the following reasons, lack of social confidence, privacy threat and health problems. Social confidence is the thing which is used to describe that concerns dealing with other people. The level of social confidence might differ fromRead More A New Pollution? Essay2872 Words   |  12 Pages Abstract: Increasingly our society is being inundated with information wirelessly, through emissions of electromagnetic waves (EMF). Any room you enter is being blanketed with ever increasing amounts of, in some cases, highly powerful electromagnetic waves. These waves carry everything from cell phone traffic to wireless internet signals, to even conventional AM/FM radio signals. Although humans and animals cannot perceive most of these electromagnetic frequencies, they can affect biologicalRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Computer In Business1665 Words   |  7 Pagescomputers in business and research has completely changed the way society operated decades ago. The purpose of this article is to discuss three advantages and disadvantages of the Information System in Business that I have experienced and the consequences of using computers; as well as a brief acknowledgement on computer ethics and the impact of computers in society. Research findings indicate that the use of computers do pose positive effects on the continuous achievements of numerous industries, but regardlessRead MoreThe Development of Wireless Communication Leading to the Alexanderson Alternator Not much has1200 Words   |  5 PagesThe Development of Wireless Communication Leading to the Alexanderson Alternator Not much has changed in human nature in the past couple centuries. When we want something, we desire exactly what we want without deviation and we wish to have it quickly. This is as evident in modern times as it was in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It is difficult to imagine for the modern man, but there was once a time when messages and information had to be delivered by hand, horseback or byRead MoreThe Research Methodology of Cell Phone Health Risk Studies Essay1952 Words   |  8 Pageshave become commonplace. Such epidemiological concerns stem from the potential harmful electromagnetic radiation emitted by cellular devices. These concerns, at the most basic level, emulate the 1970s concern regarding the proposed correlation between magnetic fields from power lines and incidents of leukemia in children living nearby these structures. Similar to the power line issue, cellular electromagnetic radiation exposure is linked to brain tumors and damage to the central nervous system ofRead MoreThe World Health Organisation Essays626 Words   |  3 PagesUnited Nations with 191 Member Sates, WHO promotes technical cooperation for health among nations, carries out programmes to control and eradicate disease, and strives to improve the quality of human life. WHO has four main functions: * to give worldwide guidance in the field of health * to set global standards for health * to cooperate with governments in strengthening national health programmes * to develop and transfer appropriate health technologyRead MoreMobile Phone Exposure And Carcinogenesis Essay1633 Words   |  7 PagesMobile phone exposure and carcinogenesis Brain cancer is the most frightening hazard of mobile phone use. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified RF fields as â€Å"possibly carcinogenic to humans,† in 2002 in spite of limited evidence from human and animal studies (IARC, 2002). The relation between mobile phone radiation exposure and cancer are justified. Muscat et al. (2000) showed that a relationship exists between mobile phone use and meningioma or glioma. A meta-analysis

Estimates By German And British Accountants -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Estimates By German And British Accountants? Answer: Introduction Wesfarmers, since its establishment during 2014 as Western Australian farmers Cooperative, the company reached to the level of topmost listed companies in Australia. The company has its headquarter in Western Australia and the diverse business of the company includes the business of home improvements, hotels, supermarkets, liquor, departmental stores, office stores and industrial divisions for fertilizers, energy, chemicals, coal and various industrial safety products. The main objective of the company is to deliver satisfactory return to the shareholders through satisfying the requirements of customers. The company also provides healthy and safe working environment to the employees and are responsible for the expectations and attitudes of communities under which it operates its activities (Wesfarmers.com.au 2018). Classification of expenses Expenses under the income statement are classified either by function or by nature. Where the expenses are classified by nature the expenses are disclosed as per the nature, for instance, transportation cost, depreciation, wages, rents expenses and salaries. The expenses are not reallocated under the different functions of the company that is the selling cost, COGS, other expenses and administration expenses (Weil, Schipper and Francis 2013). This method of disclosing the expenses are used under single step income statement and is generally used by the small businesses owing to its simplicity. However, the main limitation of this method is that under this method the gross profit of the company cannot be calculated. On the other hand, where the expenses are classified by function the expenses are disclosed as COGS, administrative expenses and selling expenses. This method enables the calculation of operating profit and gross profit under the income statement. The classification by function approach requires further disclosures of the expenses by nature either under the income statement or under the notes (Robinson et al. 2015). Looking into the Income statement and comprehensive income statement under the annual report of Wesfarmers for the year ended 30th June it is observed that the expenses under the income statements are classified by nature and not by function. This is concluded as the expenses are classified as impairment expenses, employee benefit expenses, depreciation and amortization for instance (Wesfarmers.com.au 2018). Reasons behind different methods for classifying the expenses The reasons of classifying the expenses under different methods are as follows The classification is depended upon various factors like type of the industry to which the company belongs, type of activities carried out by the company, historical factors and nature of the company. Based on these factors the most appropriate method is used. As both the methods has its own advantages and disadvantages, the managements are required to choose the most reliable, suitable and relevant method for the company (Needles, Powers and Crosson 2013). The method is also selected based on the types of cost that is mostly incurred by the company. For instance, if the company is a manufacturing company then the cost associated are material, labour and overheads. Therefore the company will classify the expenses by nature to present the income statement more clearly and more precisely Disclosures of Accounting Policies, Estimates and Errors AASB 108 deals with the Accounting Policies, Change in Accounting Estimates and Errors. As per the standard, accounting policies refers to the specific principles and conventions which the company follows in preparation of the financial statements (Abed, Al-Badainah and Serdaneh 2012). As per AASB 108, change in accounting estimates occurs when there is a new development or on the basis of some future consideration. As per paragraph 10 of Australian Accounting Standards (AASB), if any standard which does not apply to any transaction than the management judgement will be considered in applying appropriate accounting standards which are significant in economic decision making needs of the investors or stakeholders or which are reliable to the financial statements (AASB 2014). As per paragraph 13 the companies must maintain consistency in accounting policies for similar transaction unless another accounting standard provides categorization of the same in other accounting standards. As p er paragraph 19, an organization will be accountable for the change in the accounting policies of the company resulting from the application of the accounting standard relating to transitional provisions. The paragraph further states that when there is any particular change in the accounting policies then such a change in the accounting policies will apply retrospectively. However this will be not be applicable if the case is impractical to implement retrospective changes. The disclosure requirements of AASB 108 states that the company needs to disclose the standard name, the nature of change in accounting policies, the retrospective change in the accounting policies (Wang 2014). The change in accounting estimates such as change in recording of doubtful debts, obsolete inventories and fair value of financial assets and liabilities. The change in accounting estimates is recorded to the extent that such a change will have effects on the assets and liabilities of the company. As per the annual reports of the company the company needs to incorporate the accounting standards in the notes to accounts as shown in the financial statement of the company. The company has recorded some of the accounting policies, however other accounting which the company follows need to be mentioned clearly in the notes to accounts in the financial statements. Another aspect which is a bit unclear from the analysis of Wesfarmers ltd show that certain accounting estimates are as per the judgement of the management and it is not clear how much appropriate this can be as per AASB 108. For example, revenue which is acquired from sales of gift cards are recognized when such cards are redeemed and when customers buys goods or products using such a card. This is based on the judgement of the management and estimates which can have material impact if such estimates changes (Wehrfritz and Haller 2014). The company follows straight line method of depreciation as depicted in the notes to a ccounts of the company. Another area of concern may be the estimate regarding the deferred tax assets. The notes to account states that the eligible future capital gains are utilized as tax assets which are not that much probable (Ball, Kothari and Nikolaev 2013). Depreciation, Amortization and Impairment policies Depreciation may be defined as the reduction in the value of the assets of a company over time. These reduction in the value of the asset may be due to natural wear and tear, damage, obsolescence and other factors (Bull 2014). Depreciations is charged for fixed assets or tangible assets whereas amortization is charged for intangible assets of the company (Akintoye 2012). Impairment of assets is defined as reduction in the value of the assets of the company when the carrying amount of the assets is less than the expected amount which can be recovered from the assets (Amiraslani, Iatridis and Pope 2013). As per the financial statements of Wesfarmers ltd, the company has property, plant and equipment which consist of Freehold land, Buildings, leasehold improvements, plant, vehicles, mineral leases and equipment. The company follows the policy of measuring the carrying amount of the property, plant and machinery by measuring the cost relating to the asset less the amount of depreciation and impairment. The cost of the asset also includes part of the of costs associated with replacing parts of the assets. The depreciation policy of the company as stated in the notes to accounts is charged on a straight line basis on property, plants and equipment over the useful life of the asset. As mentioned in the notes to account the estimated useful life of the buildings is between 20 and 40 years, plant is between 3 years to 20 years. Land is not depreciated as per the policy of the company. The expenditure incurred on mining areas on which production has began is amortised over the life of the mi ne. The company only charges amortization on mines if the production on such mines has started. The depreciation amount as shown in the income statement of the company for the year 2016 is $ 1296 million. Revaluation of foreign currency is shown in the financial statements of the Wesfarmers ltd. There has been a revaluation in the spot rate of the foreign bonds which the company owns. The carrying amount of such foreign bonds as shown in the financial statements is of the amount $ 2864. The company utilizes cash flow hedges in order to mitigate the risks of variability. The impairment of asset testing is done in groups which comprises of property, plants and equipment, intangible assets and goodwill. The impairment testing is done on an annual basis for intangible assets and goodwill which have indefinite life. In other cases impairment is done when the management is certain that there are adequate signs that the asset has been impaired or where the impairment amount which was previ ously recognized has changed. The impairment calculations of the company are based on the corporate plans and business forecast as prepared by the management of the company. the discounting rate which is used for the calculations of impairment amount is based on the weighted average cost of capital or through the use of benchmarking market rates. The discount rate of the company as shown in the notes to account is 8.9% and the growth rate of the company is shown at 3% which is used in the calculation of the impairment loss which is incurred by the company. Reference AASB, C.A.S., 2014. Business Combinations.Disclosure,66, p.77. Abed, S., Al-Badainah, J. and Serdaneh, J.A., 2012. The level of conservatism in accounting policies and its effect on earnings management.International Journal of Economics and Finance,4(6), p.78. Akintoye, I.R., 2012. The Relevance of Human Resource Accounting to Effective Financial Reporting.International Journal of Business Management Economic Research,3(4). Amiraslani, H., Iatridis, G.E. and Pope, P.F., 2013. Accounting for asset impairment: a test forReasons behind different methods for classifying the expenses IFRS compliance across Europe.London, UK: Centre for Financial Analysis and Reporting Research, Cass Business School. Standards, Regulations, and Financial Reporting, pp.199-223. Ball, R., Kothari, S.P. and Nikolaev, V.V., 2013. Econometrics of the Basu asymmetric timeliness coefficient and accounting conservatism.Journal of accounting research,51(5), pp.1071-1097. Bull, R.J., 2014.Accounting in business. Butterworth-Heinemann. Needles, B.E., Powers, M. and Crosson, S.V., 2013.Principles of accounting. Cengage Learning. Robinson, T.R., Henry, E., Pirie, W.L. and Broihahn, M.A., 2015.International financial statement analysis. John Wiley Sons. Wang, C., 2014. Accounting standards harmonization and financial statement comparability: Evidence from transnational information transfer.Journal of Accounting Research,52(4), pp.955-992. Wehrfritz, M. and Haller, A., 2014. National influence on the application of IFRS: Interpretations and accounting estimates by German and British accountants.Advances in Accounting,30(1), pp.196-208. Weil, R.L., Schipper, K. and Francis, J., 2013.Financial accounting: an introduction to concepts, methods and uses. Cengage Learning. Wesfarmers.com.au., 2018. Wesfarmers.com.au. [online] Available at: https://www.wesfarmers.com.au/docs/default-source/reports/2016-annual-report.pdf?sfvrsn=4 [Accessed 6 Feb. 2018].

New Article Reveals the Low Down on Term Paper Writing Help Australia and Why You Must Take Action Today

New Article Reveals the Low Down on Term Paper Writing Help Australia and Why You Must Take Action Today The format you select for the research paper is dependent on your professor's requirements. For that reason, it's imperative that you comprehend the different term paper formatting styles. When you begin the paper you ought to start with the research you gathered then formulate a thesis statement that will guide the remainder of the research paper. Firstly, it's important to deal with the paper in such a manner it follows all the instructions to the dot and all the characteristics of the rubric are wholly covered within the paper. You might discover that sometimes your university offers you the term paper title. Why Students Are on the lookout for Essays essays Sale There are a number of essays why students need assistance with their school assignments. Many students feel lost when it has to do with academic term papers. A prudent student doesn't have to cover a sample paper. Gossip, Lies and Term Paper Writing Help Australia The introduction part is supposed to be somewhat creative to be able to entice the judges to read the remainder of the essay. You've got to compose several academic papers over the span of a year. If you wish to compose a special research paper, you are unable to recycle research topics which were used by plenty of individuals. The very best thing about writing an exceptional research paper is that you turn into a student of a specific topic, especially if you never researched the topic before. What to Expect From Term Paper Writing Help Australia? To obtain a customized essay is presently a typical thing because there are many custom writing services offering custom papers. It's extremely important to read carefully essay services reviews, because you wish to steer clear of low high quality services. Our academic essays for sale include a firm guarantee your privacy is guarded whatsoever times and that nobody will have the ability to suspect you of using our expert services. Our customized essay writing services are the most highest on the marketplace and the most economical. What is Actually Happening with Term Paper Writing Help Australia There are many advantages to working with the best essays papers on the web! For you to stay or adhere to the major idea of your paperwork is a fantastic practice. Unfortunately, store term papers are usually obtained from websites and may also be in the hands of several other clients. Customized term papers are made by experienced and professionally trained experts. What Everybody Dislikes About Term Paper Writing Help Australia and Why You will have to select the very best way forward in whatever situation you find yourself, but here are a few pointers to help you get ready for the assignment. Singapore Assignment Help will guide your perfectly for every type of assignment. Term papers are a rather important job to get completed with and having the right sort of help in doing so only increases the successful outcome of it that is being expected by the people who hire such services. Understand your goal is to make an exceptional term paper and keep working at it until you are pleased. Term paper help is required by over half of most students, but just in the first stages, whereas, there are a few students who require additional term paper help even after years of writing practices. You're able to chat with your college throughout the entire process too, so you're going to be in a position to pick up tips and hints as to how highest write a very good essay. Alas, many students do not find out how to compose a term paper professionally, or so the internet is frequently the ideal way out. Some people today claim they can write a term paper with no planning. Ideally, when you get your term paper, you are not going to devote a good deal of time researching. You need to found your term paper on something which interests people. Make certain you write something linked to your term paper each and every day, even if it's only notes for the title.

Healthcare Law Topics For Argumentative Essay

Healthcare Law Topics For Argumentative EssayAs you embark on your undergraduate career, one of the more exciting and eye-opening areas to explore is the growing number of healthcare law topics for argumentative essay topics. These topics provide an excellent avenue for exploring topics of law, medicine, and science.There are several choices available for topics for your healthcare law essay. While you may prefer to start off with a specific medical care issue, there are many related topics you can include. Consider these options when approaching this area of your college career.These healthcare law topics for argumentative essay focus on the various aspects of medical care issues. There are topics pertaining to health insurance, medical malpractice, government mandates, and the state of the medical field. For example, there are laws that address group policies that limit the coverage a patient can receive, issues with Medicare and Medicaid, and even decisions about doctor's compensa tion. If you are interested in focusing on any of these healthcare law topics for argumentative essay, it is important to discuss them with an academic advisor who will help guide you through the legal processes.Other topics for this category of healthcare law topic include issues of personal injury claims, lawsuits, and medical malpractice. When considering these topics for argumentative essay, there are several considerations you should make. First, you must decide whether to take a case on your own or if you need the assistance of an attorney.You should also be aware of the different aspects of healthcare law. It is crucial that you choose a topic that is relevant to your major. For example, if you are pursuing a specialty area, the specific health care topics for argumentative essay must be relevant to your chosen field.As you explore your options for healthcare law topics for argumentative essay, you should explore and discuss a few topics in depth. For example, consider how yo u would approach and interact with an employer. You will need to understand your employer's personal views as well as any regulations or laws that may affect you.The healthcare law topics for argumentative essay can be very rewarding. However, you should remember that a good idea does not always mean good research. You should remember that you are simply applying your expertise to the legal process.

Tips For Writing a College Essay

Tips For Writing a College EssayWriting a college essay is not an easy task and there are a lot of things to think about. That is why you should not just look at the academic side of the essay but the personal side of it too.All the different aspects are interconnected and if you are aware of them, you will get an optimum opportunity to develop the whole package. You should have enough information to be able to craft a really unique essay. Make sure that your voice is emphasized during the writing process. Even if you already know what you are going to write about, try to get more information and experience it to see how you can improve your style.Well, all this may seem quite complex but it is actually very simple. You need to make sure that your writing style is perfect for your audience. You should also write your essay like you speak so that you can tell them about your experiences in a clearer way.There is a special note to make if you are trying to do a topic-specific college e ssay. If you are going to write about something that may already be pre-existing, then it will be difficult for you to express it clearly. You should make sure that you relate it with the things that have already happened to you. For example, if you have been introduced to a new event and this is how you went through the whole experience, you would have a clearer picture of it.You can also relate your own experiences to the topic. For example, if you have undergone an experience of a certain kind in your past, then you can relate it to the things that you have gone through now. This will help you better articulate your thoughts and feelings.You should also make sure that you do not overwork on your college essay. This is something that you can learn from how successful people handle writing.They actually find ways to eliminate unnecessary details and use the available space effectively. Also, a great writer has to be able to distinguish a good thesis from a great theory. They can al so use their writing style to convey their point clearly.

Persuasive Essay Examples - Write and Compete For A Scholarship

Persuasive Essay Examples - Write and Compete For A ScholarshipWhen you are considering writing a persuasive essay for your Th Grade Math Placement Test, you may need a lot of persuasive essays. The ability to persuade others to work in a specific way is a strong foundation for what an excellent teacher can do with your students. You can have wonderful persuasive results if you use persuasive essay samples.I teach classes in the humanities and the sciences, as well as classes specifically designed for children, teens, and adults. I am concerned about the way people think about ideas and questions. In the classroom, I often remind my students that we are all thinking in rational or scientific ways. To make our thinking more productive, I encourage my students to write persuasive essays based on logic.There are a number of persuasive essay samples that you can find online. Some are free, but I prefer the ones with paid versions that have excellent persuasive scripts and ideas. Paying f or an essay or homework assignment is important because it allows you to have real information and not just 'just reading the words on the page.'A simple persuasive essay sample may include the following basic idea: 'Research has shown that the human mind and body are built for communication. Every person has a unique set of communication skills. Many of them are working at exactly the right time to help us use our communication abilities in a positive way. People around the world are using humor, tone, and style to help communicate better.These persuasive essay samples are great because they start out with specific ideas, such as to start a conversation with a high level of eye contact and calmness, or to do some kind of political statement, or to write a persuasive article. The key to successful persuasive writing is to be able to quickly come up with an effective theme, which leads to a strong supporting argument. This is the big differencebetween high and low-level communication skills.By being able to use these persuasive essay samples, you will be able to get better grades for a number of reasons. When you write a persuasive essay that has some really good ideas and an interesting beginning, you will build the courage to write. If you can't get through your first paragraph, you will continue to work harder and you will eventually write a persuasive essay that is lively and interesting. This helps to move along the student's communication skill and provides them with a larger variety of expressive ideas that they can bring to the class.The great thing about persuasive essay samples is that they help you understand the impact of writing based on arguments and points of view. These persuasive essays are helpful in improving your writing skills, and also provide you with practice with different kinds of writing that you can use as examples throughout your life. If you are looking for more persuasive essays, you should look for samples online that you can dow nload.

Presidential daily briefing

Introduction Presidential daily briefing (PDB) is a state of the art secretive document, which is produced daily for the president of the United States of America. It is the most classified document in the United States as it has intelligence information that is aimed at protecting the country from imminent terrorism attacks and promoting the welfare of its citizens and citizens of other countries as well. Presidential briefings date back to the year 1952 after the Second World War.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Presidential daily briefing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More President Harry Truman’s administration formed the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), which came up with the idea that the president needed to be briefed on a daily basis on classified intelligence matters that would help him in governing the country well. The first presidential intelligence briefing, which is known as Presiden t’s Intelligence Check List, occurred in the year 1961 courtesy of a CIA officer known as Richard Lehman. The name was later changed to presidential daily briefing in the year 1964 (Blanton 2008, p.28). Since then, the president receives a PDB on a daily basis, which informs him of new improvements warranting his response and in−depth analysis of sensitive international state of affairs. Apart from the president, other high-ranking government officials have authorized access to the PDB. They include the vice president, the White House chief of staff, the national security adviser, the director of central intelligence and other intelligence agencies, the secretaries of the state, treasury and defense, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the deputy secretaries of state and defense finally the deputy national security adviser. Production of the presidential daily briefing In the preparation of the PDB, there is no formal coordination between the intelligence com munities though some of the contributions are given some considerations. Due to the classified information contained in the PDB, only few people with unquestionable integrity from CIA are involved in its preparation with the chief analyst and director at CIA being the publishers. The team mainly comprises the best-trained minds of the USA intelligence community to come up with the best intelligence information. The PDB is printed on a daily basis, apart from Sunday, â€Å"at the CIA headquarters printing plant in Virginia† (Blanton 2008, p.28). After the document is prepared, briefers, who are mainly experienced High-ranking analysts from the CIA’s Directorate of Intelligence, deliver the PDB to the respective recipient. Two presidential briefers deliver the PDB for the president; however, before the president is briefed, â€Å"the president’s briefer has to meet with the director of central intelligence when s/he arrives at the white house† (Helgerson 20 08, p.64). After that, the briefer briefs the president in the presence of the director of central intelligence. Issues that need further clarification are then brought back to the CIA headquarters by the briefer.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, during one of the briefings, President Bush was concerned about a terrorist attack to the country and he asked the CIA briefer to come back with its assessment of Bin Laden’s intentions in the following morning briefing (Helgerson 2008, p.69). Other briefers assigned to different government officials also go ahead to deliver by hand the PDB, but in this case, the director of central intelligence is not present. As some of the officials may be travelling, a secure way of transmitting the document to them is used to thwart any attempts by hackers who may have unapproved access to the document. A copy of the PDB has to be returned to the briefer as all the copies are to be returned to the CIA headquarters for safekeeping. Public access to the presidential daily briefing Despite the fact that about 60 per cent of the articles enclosed in the president’s daily brief do not appear in the press at all, the members of the public have access to some classified information in the document. The other 40 per cent is easily accessible to the public as it can be found in news. Some of the presidents like Bill Clinton even questioned the importance of the classified information in the PDB as he had already read it from other sources. This aspect raises questions on the authenticity of the information that is gathered by the so-called experienced US intelligence officer to be presented to the head of state. The PDB may not be so secretive and this aspect can be proved by the August 6, 2001 President’s Daily Briefing Memo (Helgerson 2008, p.61). Before it was declassified two years later, most of the information it contained had been made public. Apart from this PDB, other documents from the government of President Johnson have been declassified and made available to the public without jeopardizing the national security of the country and this aspect further raises the question of the sensitivity of the PDB. Further declassification of PDBs by the national archives would have shown that the public already knew the information contained in the documents (Melton and Wallace 2009, p.88). The clarity of the items contained in the PDB is also another issue as in the case of the imminent threat to the United States by the terrorist group, which was led by Osama Bin Laden. The national security adviser, Condoleezza Rice, together with other top official officers complained that the PDB, which was supposed to contain intelligence information on the terrorist attacks, was not reliable as it contained scanty information. The result of this unreliability was the shockin g attack on September 11 2001 that led to the irreversible loss of lives and property worth billions of US dollars. This catastrophic event could have been easily avoided if the intelligence officers had carried out in-depth investigations on the issue.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Presidential daily briefing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion Notably, the presence of intelligence units like the CIA in the United States should not be taken granted, as they are very useful in providing intelligence that informs the president on international developments and security of the country. The CIA officers responsible for drafting the PDB should be chosen based on their performance and wealth of experience as intelligence is an exceptional mission on top of being very valuable in the proper running of a country. The PDB newspaper should be very relevant and interesting so that the recipients do not ignore reading it and this way, the CIA can use the feedback from the recipient to do a better job and avoid reproducing information that is already available in the news. An informed president will aid the country in averting crises like the September 11, 2001 surprise attacks. In addition, all the agencies involved with issues on intelligence, viz. defense department, military department, and state department should not withhold information on intelligence, as this move will help the CIA in preparing a detailed and comprehensive PDB newspaper for the benefit of the nation. Reference List Blanton, Thomas. 2004. Who’s Afraid of the PDB? Slate Magazine, 22 March. Helgerson, John. 2008. Getting to Know the President: CIA Briefings of Presidential Candidates 1952-1992. New York, NY: Center for the Study of Intelligence. Melton, Keith, and Robert Wallace. 2009. The Official CIA Manual of Trickery and  Deception. New York, NY: HarperCollins.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This research paper on Presidential daily briefing was written and submitted by user Taraji Monroe to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.